National Death Tolls for the Second World War
This chart contains my best estimate for national death tolls during the Second World War. Click the links for sources and details.
| |
Axis Military |
Allied Military |
Civilians |
Europe-North Africa |
Asia-Pacific |
TOTAL |
| Soviet Union |
|
8,668,000 |
16,900,000 |
8,660,000 |
8,000 |
25.6m |
| China |
240,000 |
1,757,000 |
8,000,000 |
|
1,997,000 |
10.0m |
| Poland |
|
123,000 |
6,028,000 |
123,000 |
|
6.1m |
| Germany |
3,500,000 |
|
1,600,000 |
3,500,000 |
|
5.1m |
| East Indies |
|
|
4,000,000 |
|
|
4.0m |
| Japan |
2,566,000 |
|
672,000 |
|
2,566,000 |
3.2m |
| India |
|
49,000 |
3,000,000 |
42,000 |
7,000 |
3.0m |
| French Indochina |
|
|
2,000,000 |
|
|
2.0m |
| Yugoslavia |
|
305,000 |
1,200,000 |
305,000 |
|
1.5m |
| Romania |
350,000 |
170,000 |
300,000 |
520,000 |
|
0.8m |
| France |
3,000 |
250,000 |
350,000 |
250,000 |
|
0.6m |
| Czechoslovakia |
200,000 |
46,000 |
294,000 |
246,000 |
|
540,000 |
| Great Britain |
|
403,000 |
93,000 |
397,000 |
6,000 |
496,000 |
| Italy |
280,000 |
67,000 |
93,000 |
347,000 |
|
440,000 |
| Hungary |
136,000 |
|
294,000 |
136,000 |
|
430,000 |
| USA |
|
405,000 |
9,000 |
309,000 |
96,000 |
414,000 |
| Korea |
|
|
400,000 |
|
|
400,000 |
| Greece |
|
17,000 |
325,000 |
17,000 |
|
342,000 |
| Netherlands |
|
8,000 |
200,000 |
8,000 |
|
208,000 |
| Philippines |
|
27,000 |
100,000 |
|
27,000 |
127,000 |
| Belgium |
|
9,000 |
76,000 |
9,000 |
|
85,000 |
| Finland |
80,000 |
|
3,000 |
80,000 |
|
83,000 |
| |
7.3m |
12.3m |
45.9m |
14.9m |
4.7m |
65.6m |
- Level 1: more than 1,000,000 dead
- China
- Military:
- Britannica: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- Compton's: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- HarperCollins: 1,324,000
- Clodfelter
- KMT: 1,319,958 KIA
- Communists: admit to 500,000 d., but true toll probably 2M soldiers +
civilians in Comm. areas.
- Total: 3M
- Info. Please: 1,324,516 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- Ellis: 1,400,000
- Eckhardt: 650,000 (1937-41, incl. Japanese), 1,350,000 (1941-45)
- Small & Singer: 750,000 (1937-41), 1,350,000 (after Dec. 1941)
- Wallechinsky: [2,219,958]
- Nationalists (1937-45): 1,319,958
- Communists: 500,000
- non-Comm. guerrillas: 400,000
- Urlanis: 2,500,000
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 1,920,000
(China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 1,130,000 (1942-45) [=3,0500,000]
- Encarta: 3,500,000
- Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252:
- Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
- During the 2nd Chinese Civil War, Communist troops lost 263,800 killed. The Nationalists lost 1,711,110 both killed and wounded, with maybe a fifth of those [some 370,000] killed. (p.253)
- Japan’s Chinese allies/puppets lost 960,000 soldiers both killed and wounded. [As a rough guess, a fourth of this would be 240,000 killed.]
- Communists: 446,736 k.
- Rummel: 3,832,000
- Nationalist + Communist battle: 1,900,000
- Disease: 1,500,000
- Japanese puppet Chinese: 432,000
- Kinder: 6,400,000
- MEDIAN: ca. 2,050,000 (2.0M-2.1M)
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 1,150,000 (1937-41), 850,000 (1941-45)
- Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252
- Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
- Kinder: 4,500,000
- Wallechinsky: 2-10M (1937-45)
- Urlanis: 7,500,000
- Ellis: 8,000,000
- HarperCollins: up to 10,000,000
- Encarta: 10,000,000
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 5,870,000
(China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 6,530,000 (1942-45) [=12,400,000]
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 15,554,000 (p.143)
- Rummel: 15,608,000
- Civilian, non-democidal: 3,252,000
- Famine: 2,250,000
- Democide:
- by Japanese: 3,949,000
- by Nationalists: 5,907,000
- by Communists: 250,000
- MEDIAN: 8,000,000
- Total:
- Messenger: 2.5M
- Eckhardt: 4M
- Wallechinsky: 4.2-12.2M
- Ellis: 9.4M
- Urlanis: 10M
- Kinder: 10.9M
- HarperCollins: < 11M
- Encarta: 13.5M
- Martin Gilbert A History of the Twentieth Century v.3 (citing Ho
Ping-ti): 15-20M
- Rummel: 20.44M
- MEDIAN: ca. 10,450,000 (10.0M-10.9M)
- Dutch East Indies
- Sterling Seagrave, Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of
Yamashita's Gold, p.54: 4 million Indonesians enslaved and worked to death
in distant lands.
- Paterson, On Every Front: 4M
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 3 to 4 million deaths as a
result of the occupation, incl. 800,000 by forced labor (p.111); 3,000,000
(p.143)
- Germany
- Military:
- HarperCollins: 2,850,000
- Ellis: 3,250,000
- Compton's: 3,250,000
- Info. Please: 3,250,000 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 3,250,000 d. incl...
- Britannica: 3,500,000 (incl. 1M missing. Not incl.: 250,000 dead of
natural causes, suicide and execution)
- Small & Singer: 3,500,000
- Encarta: 3,500,000
- Keegan: 4,000,000
- Kinder: 4,000,000
- Urlanis: 4,500,000
- Eckhardt: 4,750,000
- MEDIAN: 3.5M
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 500,000
- Britannica: 780,000
- Wallechinsky: 780,000
- Davies: 780,000
- Clodfelter: 780,000
- Eckhardt: 1,471,000
- Keegan: 1,593,000
- Urlanis: 2,000,000
- HarperCollins: 2,300,000
- Ellis: 2,050,000 (by Allies), 300,000 (by Germans)
- Kinder: 3,800,000
- Encarta: 3,800,000
- MEDIAN: 1.6M
- All (undifferentiated):
- Compton's: 3.75M
- Wallechinsky: 4M
- Britannica: 4.28M
- Messenger: 5M
- HarperCollins: 5.15M
- Ellis: 5.55M
- Keegan: 5.593M
- Eckhardt: 6.221M
- Urlanis: 6.5M
- Encarta: 7.3M
- Kinder: 7.8M
- MEDIAN: 5.5M
- India
- Military:
- Keegan: 24,000
- Eckhardt: 24,000
- Britannica: 24,338
- Urlanis: 24,338 (KIA, officially)
- Info. Please: 32,121
- HarperCollins: 36,092
- Ellis: 36,100
- Clodfelter: 48,675 d. incl...
- Civilian
- Eckhardt: 25,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 2,040,000 (p.143)
- Bengal Famine (1943)
- Hammond: 1.5 to 3.0 million
- Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 4th ed.: 1-3M
- John Keay: India: A History: 2-4M
- [Letter]
- All (undifferentiated):
- French Indochina
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 1,500,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1,500,000 (p.143)
- Paterson, On Every Front: 1 million by starvation in Vietnam.
- Karnow, Vietnam, p.160: 2 million famine deaths in Vietnam.
- Large, Showa Japan: 1 million Vietnamese
- Japan
- Military:
- Clodfelter: 500,000 Japanese k. or d. in China (only)
- Keegan: 1,200,000
- Kinder: 1,200,000
- Small & Singer: 250,000 (1937-41), 1,000,000 (after Dec. 1941)
- Info. Please: 1,270,000
- Britannica: 1,300,000 (not incl. 300,000 deaths not related to battle)
- Eckhardt: 1,500,000
- HarperCollins: 1,506,000
- Encarta: 1,700,000
- Large, Showa Japan: 1,740,955 total military deaths, incl.
- Navy dead: 414,879
-
In China 1937-41: 185,647
-
In China 1941-45: 202,958
- Ellis: 1,740,000 (from 1937)
- Compton's: 1,862,499
- Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day: 1,506,000
- Urlanis: 2,000,000
- Clodfelter: 2,565,878 d. incl...
- Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45: 2,566,000 dead of all causes (1,506,000 KIA)
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 250,000
- HarperCollins: 300,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- Encarta: 380,000
- Ellis: 393,400
- Large, Showa Japan:
- Tokyo: 97,301
-
HiroShima: 140,000
-
Nagasaki: 70,000
-
all other cities: 86,336
-
[Total killed in cities: 393,637]
- Eckhardt: 500,000
- Clodfelter: 658,595 or 672,000 (incl. disease, malnutrition and 299,485 by
bombing)
- Britannica: 672,000
- Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45: 672,000
- Wallechinsky: 700,000
- Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day: 900,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 2,000,000
- Wallechinsky: 3.2M
- Poland
- Military:
- Ellis: 66,300 (1939 war), 4,500 (in W. Eur.)
- Encarta: 120,000
- Urlanis: 123,200 (from official report, 1947)
- 1939 War: 66,300
- 1st & 2nd Polish Armies in East: 13,900
- France & Norway, 1940: 2,100
- In British Army: 7,900
- 1944 Uprising: 13,000
- Resistance: 20,000
- Britannica: 123,178
- Davies: 123,178
- Compton's: 125,000
- Small & Singer: 320,000 (1939 war)
- Eckhardt: 600,000
- Info. Please: 664,000
- HarperCollins: 850,000 (169,822 "as Allies")
- Civilian:
- Kinder: 4,200,000
- Urlanis: 4,877,000 within post-war boundaries
- According to the official 1947 report of the Polish govt.:
- Victims of concentration camps, executions, ghetto liquidations: 3,577,000
- Victims of prisons, camps and other places of confinement (death caused by
epidemics, exhaustion, etc.): 1,286,000
- Outside camps - dead of wounds, injuries, overwork: 521,000
- TOTAL: 6,028,000 [within pre-war boundaries]
- Civilian losses as direct result of military operation: 521,000
- Compton's: 5M
- Ellis: 5,300,000
- Encarta: 5,300,000
- Britannica: 5,675,000
- Wallechinsky: 5,700,000
- Davies: 5,675,000 to 7,000,000
- HarperCollins: 5,778,000
- Eckhardt: 6,000,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 6,000,000
- Messenger: 6,000,000
- Wallechinsky: 6.3M
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- Military:
- Info. Please: 6,115,000 (all causes)
- Compton's: 6,750,000
- Keegan: 7,000,000
- Small & Singer: 7,500,000
- Eckhardt: 7,500,000
- Davies: 8,000,000 to 9,000,000
- Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies, by John Erickson and David
Dilks
- KIA, Died of wounds, Accidents, Suicides: 6,885,1000 [sic]
- Dead and Missing: 8,668,400
- Mentions and dismisses other estimates of 23M and 26.4M.
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997); also :
- KIA, DoW, etc.: 6,885,100
- Total Dead: 8,668,400
- Mazower: 3M POWs through starvation + 6.5M in battle = 9.5M
- Urlanis: 10,000,000
- Volkogonov: 10,000,000
- Ellis: 11,000,000
- Britannica: 11,000,000
- Encarta: 13,000,000
- Kinder: 13,600,000
- Wallechinsky: 13,600,000
- HarperCollins: 14,500,000
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 22M
- Steven Shabad
- Sokolov's new calculations: 26.4M
- Gorbachev's official est.: 8,668,000 Red Army dead
- MEDIAN: 10M
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 6M
- Ellis: 6,700,000
- Britannica: 7,000,000
- HarperCollins: 7,000,000
- Encarta: 7,000,000
- Kinder: 7,000,000
- Keegan: 7,000,000
- Eckhardt: 7,500,000
- Mazower: 10M
- Urlanis: 10,000,000
- Steven Shabad (citing Sokolov): 16.9M
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "best estimate" 17M,
citing
- Sokolov: 16,900,000
- Korol: 24,000,000
- Davies: 16,000,000 to 19,000,000
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 18M
- MEDIAN: 7M
- Total:
- Compton's: 12.75M
- Keegan: 14M
- Eckhardt: 15M
- Ellis: 17.7M
- Britannica: 18M
- Mazower: 19.5M
- Encarta: 20M
- Messenger: 20M
- Urlanis: 20M
- Kinder: 20.6M
- HarperCollins: 21.5M
- Wallechinsky: 20-26M
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): 25M
- The Cambridge History of Russia: 25M
- Davies: 24M to 28M
- Volkogonov, Dmitri, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (1991): 26-27M
- Guiness World Records: 26.6M [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.asp?id=46251]
- Hochschild: 27M
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 40M
- Steven Shabad
- Sokolov's new calculations: 43.3M
- Stalin's official public est.: 7M dead
- Khrushchev's official est.: 20M
- Gorbachev's official est.: 27M
- Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies, by John Erickson and David
Dilks: 49M (acc2 book review: Agence France Presse, 16 June 1994)
- MEDIAN: 20M
- Yugoslavia
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 5,000 (1941 War)
- Compton's: 75,000
- Encarta: 300,000
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Britannica: 305,000
- Davies: 305,000
- Info. Please: 305,000
- Eckhardt: 400,000
- MEDIAN: 0.3M
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 1,000,000
- Britannica: 1,200,000
- Davies: 1,200,000
- Wallechinsky: 1,200,000
- Encarta: 1,300,000
- Urlanis: 1,400,000
- MEDIAN: 1.2M
- Total:
- Keegan: 1M
- Eckhardt: 1.4M
- Wallechinsky: 1.5M
- Britannica: 1.505M
- Davies: 1.505M
- Encarta: 1.6M
- Messenger: 1.6M
- Urlanis: 1.7M
- HarperCollins: 1.7M
- Ellis: 1.7M
- MEDIAN: 1.55M
- Level 2: more than 100,000 dead
- Austria (usually counted with Germany)
- Military:
- Urlanis: 270,000
- Info. Please: 280,000
- Eckhardt: 280,000
- HarperCollins: 380,000
- Civilian:
- Urlanis: 104,000
- Eckhardt: 125,000
- HarperCollins: 145,000
- All:
- Czechoslovakia
- Military:
- HarperCollins: 6,683
- Info. Please: 6,683 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 6,683 KIA
- Britannica: 10,000
- Encarta: 10,000
- Eckhardt: 30,000
- Urlanis
- Czechs, Slovaks in various armies: 46,000
- Sudetendeutsch w/German Army: 200,000
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 215,000
- Ellis: 215,000
- Eckhardt: 250,000
- Urlanis: 294,000
- HarperCollins: 310,000
- Encarta: 330,000
- All:
- France
- Military:
- Ellis: 92,000 (1940), 30,000 (in exile)
- Compton's: 166,195
- Keegan: 200,000
- Eckhardt: 200,000
- Info. Please: 201,568
- Small & Singer: 210,000 (w/Allies), 2,500 (Vichy, w/Axis)
- HarperCollins: 210,671
- Britannica: 213,324 (incl. 1,200 Vichy)
- Davies: 213,324
- Clodfelter: 245,000 incl...
- 213,324 KIA, which incl. 2,653 Vichy
- Encarta: 250,000
- Urlanis: 250,000
- KIA, 1939-40 War: 92,000
- KIA, Free French, 1940-45: 58,000
- Resistance: 20,000
- Alsatian French conscripts KIA w/German army: 40,000
- POW Deaths: 40,000
- Civilian:
- HarperCollins: 173,260
- Britannica: 350,000
- Davies: 350,000
- Clodfelter: 350,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- From bombing: 60,000
- Nazi terror: 90,000
- Forced labor in Germany: 40,000
- German concentration camps: 160,000
- Encarta: 360,000
- Keegan: 400,000
- Eckhardt: 450,000
- Ellis: 470,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Wallechinsky: 595,000
- Messenger: 600,000
- Greece
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 10,000 (1940-41)
- Eckhardt: 10,000
- HarperCollins: 16,357
- Info. Please: 17,024
- Ellis: 18,300
- Compton's: 77,200
- Britannica: 88,300
- Clodfelter: 88,300 incl...
- 17,024 KIA, which incl. partisans
- Urlanis: 100,000, incl. 10,000 in 1940-41 war
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 54,000
- HarperCollins: 155,300
- Britannica: 325,000
- Clodfelter: 325,000
- Davies: 325,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- Compton's: 380,000
- Ellis: 415,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 100,000
- Keegan: 250,000
- Hungary
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 40,000
- Compton's: 75,000
- Encarta: 120,000
- Ellis: 136,000
- Urlanis: 136,000
- Info. Please: 147,435
- Britannica: 200,000 (fragmentary data)
- Eckhardt: 400,000
- Civilian:
- Encarta: 280,000
- Britannica: 290,000
- Urlanis: 294,000
- Ellis: 300,000
- Eckhardt: 450,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 400,000
- Wallechinsky: 490,000
- HarperCollins: 750,000
- Italy
- Military:
- Compton's: 60,000 (w/Axis), 69,774 (w/Allies)
- Small & Singer: 60,000 (w/Axis), 17,500 (w/Allies)
- Info. Please: 149,496 (all causes)
- Eckhardt: 150,000
- Ellis: 226,900
- Britannica: 242,232 (incl. 131,419 missing, but not incl. 49,144 dead of
natural causes and suicide. Total military dead w/o missing: 159,957, which
divides up as 92,767 w/Axis and 67,190 w/Allies)
- HarperCollins: 279,820 (17,400 as Allies)
- Encarta: 330,000
- Urlanis: 400,000 (incl. 17,000 as Allies; 71,000 in resistance)
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 60,000
- Eckhardt: 70,000
- Encarta: 80,000
- HarperCollins: 93,000
- Urlanis: 100,000
- Britannica: 152,941
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 330,000
- Messenger: 300,000
- Wallechinsky: 530,000
- Korea
- Paterson, On Every Front: 70,000
- Large, Showa Japan: 70,000 Koreans d. in war
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 400,000 lost their lives as
a result of the war, incl. 60,000 laboring in Japan (p.111); 533,000 (p.143)
- Netherlands
- Military:
- Eckhardt: 6,000
- Small & Singer: 6,200
- Compton's: 6,238
- Info. Please: 6,500
- Britannica: 7,900
- Clodfelter: 7,900, incl. 6,344 KIA
- Keegan: 10,000
- Urlanis: 12,000, incl. 6,200 in 1940 war
- HarperCollins: 13,700
- Ellis: 2,900 (1940), 10,800 (in exile)
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 150,000
- Urlanis: 198,000
- Eckhardt: 200,000
- Clodfelter: 200,000
- Britannica: 200,000
- HarperCollins: 236,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 200,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Philippines
- Military:
- Britannica: 27,000
- Eckhardt: 27,000
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 91,000
- Eckhardt: 91,000
- Paterson, On Every Front: 120,000 died under occupation
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 500,000
- All
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 527,000 (p.143)
- Romania
- Military:
- Compton's: 80,000
- Encarta: 200,000
- Small & Singer: 290,000 (w/Axis), 5,000 (w/Allies)
- Britannica: 300,000 (fragmentary data)
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Davies: 300,000
- Eckhardt: 340,000
- Info. Please: 350,000 (against USSR; 169,822 against Germany)
- Ellis: 381,000 (w/Axis)
- HarperCollins: 519,822
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 200,000
- Urlanis: 200,000
- Eckhardt: 300,000
- HarperCollins: 465,000
- Encarta: 465,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Wallechinsky: 500,000
- Messenger: 700,000
- United Kingdom
- Military:
- Keegan: 244,000
- Britannica: 264,443 (incl. missing)
- Davies: 264,443
- Small & Singer: 270,000
- HarperCollins: 271,311
- Urlanis: 290,000
- Ellis: 305,800
- Eckhardt: 350,000
- Compton's: 353,652 (British Empire)
- Info. Please: 357,116 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 403,195 incl...
- Civilian:
- Keegan: 60,000 (bombing)
- Urlanis: 60,000
- HarperCollins: 60,595
- Ellis: 60,600
- Britannica: 92,673 (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by
bombing)
- Davies: 92,673
- Clodfelter: 92,673
- Eckhardt: 100,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 400,000
- Wallechinsky: 495,000
- United States of America
- Military:
- Keegan: 292,000
- HarperCollins: 292,100
- Britannica: 292,131 (not incl. 115,187 non-battle)
- Compton's: 293,986
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Info. Please: 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other causes = 405,399
- DoD: 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other = 405,399
- Ellis: 405,400
- Encarta: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other causes = 407,318
- Wallechinsky: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other = 407,318
- Eckhardt: 408,000
- Small & Singer: 408,300
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 6,000
- U.S. Merchant Marine: 8,300 mariners killed at sea, at least 1,100 died
from wounds. Total killed estimated 9,300. [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html]
- All (undifferentiated):
- Level 3: more than 10,000 dead
- Albania
- Military:
- Eckhardt: 20,000
- Urlanis: 28,800 guerillas
- Civilian:
- All:
- Australia
- Military:
- Keegan: 23,000
- Britannica: 23,365 (incl. missing)
- HarperCollins: 23,395
- Info. Please: 26,976
- Ellis: 29,400
- Small & Singer: 33,826
- Eckhardt: 34,000
- Clodfelter: 37,637 d. incl...
- AWM: 39,366
- Army: 26,097
- RAN: 2,208
- RAAF: 11,061
- All:
- Messenger: 29,000
- Paterson, On Every Front: 30,000
- Belgium
- Military:
- Ellis: 7,500 (1940), 500 (in exile)
- Compton's: 7,760
- Info. Please: 8,460
- HarperCollins: 9,561
- Small & Singer: 9,600
- Urlanis: 9,300 in 1940; 10,000 total
- Britannica: 12,000
- Clodfelter: 22,651 incl. 8,460 KIA
- Eckhardt: 110,000
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 12,000
- HarperCollins: 75,000
- Clodfelter: 76,000
- Urlanis: 76,000 (w/Lux.)
- Britannica: 76,000
- Eckhardt: 90,000
- All:
- British Far Eastern Colonies
- Malaya and Singapore
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 130,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 100,000 (p.143)
- All colonies
- Bulgaria
- Military:
- Info. Please: 6,671
- Small & Singer: 9,000 (w/Axis), 1,000 (w/Allies)
- Britannica: 10,000 (fragmentary data)
- HarperCollins: 18,500
- Eckhardt: 20,000
- Urlanis: 25,000
- w/Soviets: 7,000
- Guerrillas: 15,000
- Civilian:
- HarperCollins: 1,500
- Britannica: 10,000
- Urlanis: 10,000
- Eckhardt: 14,000
- Ellis: 50,000
- All:
- Canada
- Military:
- Keegan: 37,000
- Britannica: 37,476
- Urlanis: 37,476 (KIA, officially)
- Eckhardt: 39,000
- Small & Singer: 39,300
- Ellis: 39,300
- HarperCollins: 39,319
- Info. Please: 42,042
- Clodfelter: 42,666 d. incl...
- Civilian:
- Mariners: ca. 1,146 k., "along with 203 Newfoundlanders, who were not
yet Canadians." [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-1039-5834/conflict_war/canada_veterans/clip3]
- All:
- Finland
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 42,000 (1941-45)
- Eckhardt: 45,000 (1941-45)
- Compton's: 52,609
- HarperCollins: 79,047
- Info. Please: 79,047
- Britannica: 82,000
- Clodfelter: 82,000 d. incl...
- Urlanis: 84,000
- Ellis: 24,900 (Winter War), 65,000
(1941-45)
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 2,000
- Clodfelter: 2,000
- Ellis: 3,400
- Eckhardt: 15,000
- Urlanis: 16,000
- All:
- New Zealand
- Military:
- Keegan: 10,000
- Britannica: 10,033 (incl. missing)
- Urlanis: 10,033 (KIA, officially)
- Info. Please: 11,625 (all causes)
- HarperCollins: 12,162
- Clodfelter: 12,262 d. incl...
- Eckhardt: 17,000
- Small & Singer: 17,300
- All:
- Spain
- Military:
- HarperCollins: 4,500 (for Axis), 7,500 (for Allies)
- Civilian:
- HarperCollins: 10,000 (in concentration camps)
- Level 4: less than 10,000 dead
- Brazil
- Military:
- Britannica: 943
- Info. Please: 943
- HarperCollins: 943
- Clodfelter: 943, incl. 492 naval
- Small & Singer: 1,000
- Eckhardt: 1,000
- Civilian:
- Clodfelter: 972 (merchant ships)
- All:
- Denmark
- Military:
- Britannica: 1,800
- HarperCollins: 4,339
- Info. Please: 4,339
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 1,000
- Britannica: 2,000
- All:
- Ethiopia
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 5,000
- Eckhardt: 5,000
- Civilan:
- Luxemburg
- Mongolia
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 3,000
- Eckhardt: 3,000
- Norway
- Military (as Allies, unless otherwise noted):
- Compton's: 1,000
- Small & Singer: 2,000
- Ellis: 2,000
- Eckhardt: 2,000
- Info. Please: 2,000
- Britannica: 3,000
- Clodfelter: 3,000 incl. 1598 KIA
- HarperCollins: 4,780
- NWHA: 709 Norwegians k. while serving the German war cause [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 3,800
- Britannica: 7,000
- Clodfelter: 7,000
- Eckhardt: 7,000
- NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- "Germans had executed 366 [Norwegians] and tortured 39 to death. Among
political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433
abroad."
- 3,670 seamen d.
- 37 quislings executed after the war.
- All:
- Messenger: 10,000
- NWHA: 10,262 [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- South Africa
- Military:
- Info. Please: 2,473
- Keegan: 6,000
- Britannica: 6,840
- HarperCollins: 8,681
- Clodfelter: 8,681 d. incl...
- Small & Singer: 8,700
- Ellis: 8,700
- Eckhardt: 9,000
- All:
Appendix A: Battle Deaths in Major WW2 Campaigns
(Includes missing, but not POWs. According to John Ellis, World War II
: a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) unless otherwise noted.)
- Poland, 1939
- Poles: 66,300
- Germans: 13,110
- [Soviets]: 900 ("Russians")
- [TOTAL: ca. 80,000]
- Denmark/Norway, 1940
- Ellis
- Germans: 3,692
- Norwegians: 2,000
- Danes: -
- [TOTAL: ca. 5,700]
- NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page9.html]
- Norwegians: 850
- British: 4,000
- French and Poles: 530
- Germans: 1,300
- [TOTAL: 6,680]
- France 1940
- French: 120,000
- Germans: 43,110
- British: 11,010
- Belgians: 7,500
- Dutch: 2,890
- Italians: 1,250
- [TOTAL: ca. 185,000]
- Balkans, 1941
- Yugoslavs: ?
- Italians: 38,830
- Greeks: 19,000
- Germans: 3,674 (K+W) [A total of 34,040 Germans were killed in the
Balkans to 31 Dec. 1944]
- [TOTAL: ca. 160,000]
- Greece, 1940-41 (according to Gilbert, A History of
the 20th Century)
- Italians: 13,755
- Greeks: 15,700
- Germans: 2,232
- British: 3,712
- [TOTAL: ca. 35,400]
- Eastern Front, 1941-45
- Ellis
- [Soviets]: 11,000,000 ("Russians")
- Germans: 2,415,690 (K+M+POWs, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est.
is 1,001,680 killed + 1,287,140 missing = 2,288,820 in Field Army only, 22-June 1941-10 March
1945.)
- Romanians: 381,000 (as Axis). 170,000 (as Allies)
- Hungarians: 136,000
- Poles: >40,000
- Bulgarians: 32,000
- [TOTAL: ca. 14,000,000]
- Clodfelter
- [Soviets]: 7.5M to 12.0M ("Russians")
- Germans: 1,001,000 kia
- Romanians: 300,000 d.
- Hungarians: 200,000 d.
- [TOTAL: ca. 11,251,000 ± 2,250,000]
- North African Desert, 1941-43
- Ellis
- Italians: 20,720
- British: c. 7,000 in W. Desert + 6,230 in Tunisia
- Germans: 12,810
- Americans: 3,620
- Australians: 3,150
- French: 12,920 (all casualty types)
- New Zealanders: 6,340 (incl. k. in Italy)
- S. Africans: 2,100
- Indians: 1,720
- [TOTAL: 57,350, excl. French & New Z.]
- Clodfelter
- British Commonwealth: 35,476 KIA
- Germans: 18,594
- Italians: 13,748
- [TOTAL: 67,818]
- Italy, 1943-45
- British: 89,440 (K+W)
- Germans: 59,940 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est. is
46,800K + 208,240M = 255,040 in Field Army only, June 1941-10 April 1945.)
- Americans: 29,560
- French: 8,660
- Canadians: 5,400
- Indians: 4,720
- Poles: 2,460
- S. Africans: 710
- Brazilians: 510
- [TOTAL: ca. 125,000]
- China
- Chinese: 3,211,420 (all casualty types)
- Japanese: 388,600
- [TOTAL: ca. 1,200,000]
- Pacific, 1941-45
- Ellis
- Japanese: 685,230 Army & Marines + 414,880 Navy [=1,100,110]
- Americans: 55,060 Army & Marines + 36,950 Navy [=92,010]
- [TOTAL: ca. 1,192,120]
- Large, Showa Japan: US lost 100,997 kia in Pacific
- NW Europe, 1944-45
- Ellis
- Germans: 128,030 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est.
is 80,820K + 490,260M = 571,080 in Field Army only, to April 1945.)
- Americans: 109,820
- British: 30,280
- French: 12,590
- Canadians: 10,740
- Poles: 1,160
- [TOTAL: 292,620]
- Clodfelter
- Allies: 186,900 KIA, incl. 135,576 USA
- Germans: 263,000 combat d. + 56,000 died as POWs [incl. died of wounds]
- [TOTAL: 505,900]
- SE Asia
- Japanese: 210,830
- Indians: 6,860
- British: 5,670 (incl. POWs)
- Americans: 3,650
- Australians: 1,820
- Africans: 860
- [TOTAL: ca. 225,000]
Major Battles of WW2:
Appendix B: Holocaust Deaths by Nation
Total Jews killed from within pre-war borders.
- Poland
- Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War: 3,000,000 Jews k
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two:
3,000,000
- Wiesenthal Center: 2,982,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/pages/t061/t06152.html]
- Davies, Europe: a history: 2,350,000-3,000,000
- Johnson, Paul, Modern Times: 2,600,000
- Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History: 2,350,000
- USSR
- Davies: 1,500,000-2,000,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 1,000,000
- Wiesenthal Center: 1,000,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/text/x30/xm3081.html]
- Harper Collins: 1,000,000
- Johnson: 750,000
- Kinder: 700,000
- Romania
- Johnson: 750,000 Jews k
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two:
470,000
- Historical Atlas of the Holocaust: 350,000+
- Davies: 200,000-300,000
- Kinder: 200,000
- Harper Collins: 40,000
- Hungary
- Johnson: 402,000 Jews k
- Davies: 200,000-300,000
- Harper Collins: 200,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Kinder: 180,000
- Czecholslovakia
- Johnson: 277,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 277,000
- Kinder: 233,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Davies: 90,000-95,000
- Germany
- Davies: 218,000-240,000 Jews k (with Austria)
- Johnson: 180,000
- Messenger: 160,000
- Kinder: 160,000
- Harper Collins: 160,000
- Lithuania
- Messenger: 140,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 135,000
- Johnson: 104,000
- Netherlands
- Davies: 104,000-110,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 106,000
- Messenger: 105,000
- Kinder: 104,000
- France
- Johnson: 83,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 83,000
- Davies: 60,000-65,000
- Kinder: 60,000
- Messenger: 8,000 [sic]
- Latvia
- Messenger: 80,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 70,000
- Harper Collins: 8,000
- Austria
- Messenger: 70,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 65,000
- Harper Collins: 65,000
- Kinder: 58,000
- Greece
- Harper Collins: 71,301 Jews k
- Messenger: 67,000
- Johnson: 65,000
- Davies: 57,000-60,000
- Yugoslavia
- Messenger: 60,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 60,000
- Johnson: 60,000
- Davies: 55,000-60,000
- Kinder: 57,000
- Bulgaria
- Harper Collins: 48,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 48,000
- Johnson: 40,000
- Belgium
- Johnson: 28,000 Jews k
- Davies: 25,000-28,000
- Messenger: 25,000
- Kinder: 25,000
- Harper Collins: 24,387
- Italy
- Davies: 8,500-9,500 Jews k
- Johnson: 9,000
- Kinder: 8,500
- Messenger: 8,000
- Harper Collins: 8,000
- Luxembourg
- Davies: 2,800-3,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 1,200
- Harper Collins: 700
- Norway
- Davies: 700-1,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 728
- Kinder: 700
- Denmark
- Messenger: 2,000 Jews k
- Davies: < 100
- Harper Collins: 77
- TOTAL:
- AWM: Australian War Memorial Fact Sheet [http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp]
- Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing.
"Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of
natural causes or were suicides."
- Clodfelter, Michael: Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical
Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991
- Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war
dead in most cases.
- Eckhardt, William: a 3-page table of his war statistics printed in World
Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger
Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and
famines associated with the conflicts."
- Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File,
1993) "killed and missing" unless otherwise noted.
- Gruhl, Werner, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945
- The Guardian [London] 30 Apr. 1994 (wires 2 May 94), citing J.
Erickson and Helmut Trotnow
- Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan, ed.,
(1997)
- US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust
(1995)
- Hochschild, Adam, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin
(Penguin, 1994)
- Information Please Almanac (1991 edition): "battle deaths"
unless otherwise noted.
- Johnson, Paul, Modern Times
- Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
- Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History (1978)
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two
(Macmillan, 1989)
- Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
- Paterson, Thomas G., On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the
Cold War, p 11, (1992)
- Shabad, Steven, World Press Review v42n7 (Jul 1995)
- Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International
and Civil Wars 1816-1965 (1982): battle deaths.
- Haruo Tohmatsu, H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War
to the Far East and the Pacific, p.144
- Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population (1971)
- Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts
Left Out (1995)
to Table of Contents
Last updated Feb. 2005
Copyright © 1999-2005 Matthew White