AWM: Australian War Memorial Fact Sheet [http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp]

Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."

Clodfelter, Michael: Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991

Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases.

Eckhardt, William: a 3-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."

Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing" unless otherwise noted.

Gruhl, Werner, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945

The Guardian [London] 30 Apr. 1994 (wires 2 May 94), citing J. Erickson and Helmut Trotnow

Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan, ed., (1997)

US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (1995)

Hochschild, Adam, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin (Penguin, 1994)

Information Please Almanac (1991 edition): "battle deaths" unless otherwise noted.

Johnson, Paul, Modern Times

Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)

Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History (1978)

Large, Stephen S., Showa Japan: 1941-1952

Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (Macmillan, 1989)

Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)

Paterson, Thomas G., On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War, p 11, (1992)

Shabad, Steven, World Press Review v42n7 (Jul 1995)

Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816-1965 (1982): battle deaths.

Haruo Tohmatsu, H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific, p.144

Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population (1971)

Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts Left Out (1995)