Over 1,000,000 killed
|
- Napoleonic
Wars (1803-15)
[make link]
- NOTE: The era of
almost continuous warfare that followed the overthrow of the French
monarchy is traditionally split into three parts:
- The Revolution
itself (including all internal conflicts)
- The Revolutionary Wars
during which France fought international wars as a Republic
- The Napoleonic
Wars, during which France fought international wars as an Empire.
The numbers here generally refer only to the international wars of the
Imperial period, but not always.
- The
Napoleonic Empire, 2d ed (1991,
2003) Geoffrey Ellis (citing Esdaile)
- KIA, Died of
Wounds + Camp Disease, France Proper: 1,400,000 during the period
1792-1815, incl. 916,000 [65%] under the Empire.
- Total war dead
among all Eur. armies: 3 million during the Napoleonic/Revolutionary
Era [65% or 1.95M under the Empire?]
- Civilians: 1
million
- Samuel Dumas, Losses
of Life Caused By War (1923)
cites:
- Taine:
1,700,000 French
- Delbrück:
2,000,000 military deaths, all armies (¼ of them French)
- Hodge:
- UK Navy,
1804-15:
- KIA:
6,663
- Shipwrecks,
drownings, fire: 13,621
- Disease:
72,102
- TOTAL:
92,386
- UK Army,
1804-15:
- KIA:
25,569
- Disease:
193,851
- TOTAL:
219,420
- Fröhlich:
5,925,084 dead (1801-1815), including 1M Fr+Ger civilians and 160,000
dead in Sainte-Domingue.
- Danzer's Arme-Zeitung,
KIA in major battles:
- Austria:
376,000
- Prussia:
134,000
- Russia:
289,000
- TOTAL:
799,000 (Dumas suggests that multiplying this total by 3 to include
disease deaths and small skirmishes might be appropriate. Urlanis
claims that these number are for killed and wounded, not just killed.)
- Gaston Bodart, Losses
of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
- French
- French
battle deaths: 306,000
- KIA among
French allies: 65,000
- TOTAL:
371,000 KIA
- Disease
deaths among same: ca. 400,000
- Combined
French military deaths, both battle and disease: 1M
- Enemy deaths:
about the same [1M]
- TOTAL: 2
Million
- Urlanis
- K. in Battle:
560,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 3,105,000
- French:
1,200,000
- Russian:
450,000
- German:
400,000
- Austrian:
<200,000
- Spanish:
>300,000
- British:
243,000
- Italians:
120,000
- Clodfelter
- French and
Allies (1805-1815): 370,750
- French:
306,000 KIA (same as Bodart above)
- French
allies: 65,000 KIA
- "most"
estimate that 1.3-2.0M Fr. d. 1792-1815
- UK
- UK Navy
(same as Hodge/Dumas above)
- KIA:
6,663
- Shipwrecks,
drownings, fire: 13,621
- Disease:
72,102
- TOTAL:
92,386
- UK Army,
1793-15:
- KIA:
920 officers + 15,392 men
- Died
of wounds: 8,174
- Missing
and presumed dead: 2,003
- [TOTAL:
26,489]
- A
History of Spain and Portugal,
Vol. 2, Stanley G. Payne: "Altogether, the war may have cost the lives
of a quarter-million Portuguese."
- Levy, War
in the Modern Great Power System
- Eckhardt:
1,000,000 civ. + 1,380,000 mil. = 2,380,000
- Sorokin:
- TOTAL
(1803-14): 1,991,284 ("losses". i.e. killed + wounded. Killed alone
would be approx 1/4
to 1/3
of that, or 500-660,000)
- MEDIAN
- Military
deaths (all sides, all causes): of the eight estimates listed here, the
middle three are 2 million ±
- Civilian
deaths: all three estimates listed here: 1 million
- BATTLES:
- ATROCITIES:
- Chartrand, The
Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars:
2,969 people reported murdered by French near Coimbra, Port.
- Rothenburg, The
Napoleonic Wars: After fall of
Jaffa, Nap. had 2,500 POWs shot.
- see also: French
Revolutionary Wars
- Mfecane
(1818-1840), and the reign of Shaka (1816-1828) 1
500,000
[make
link]
- Eugene Walter, Terror
and Resistance (1969) cites the
following, but admits it might be lower:
- Henry Francis
Flynn: more than 1,000,000 deaths caused by Shaka's wars.
- George Theal, History
of South Africa (1915): 2,000,000
- The diary of Henry
Francis Fynn, 1838, p.20: “The numbers whose death he
occasioned have been left to conjecture, but exceed a
million.”
- Major Charters,
Royal Artillery, “Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa,
Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo.
Napier.” United
Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine,
London: W. Clowes and Son, 1839, Part III, p.24: “Chaka may
be termed the South African Attila; and it is estimated that not less
than 1,000,000 human beings were destroyed by him"
- Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 15th edition,
“Shaka”, v.10. p.689 (“… left
2,000,000 dead in its wake.”)
- Donald R. Morris, The
Washing of the Spears, p.60
("At least a million people, and more likely two, died in a decade that
virtually depopulated" the interior.)
- Hanson, Carnage
and Culture, p. 313: "Shaka ...
slaughtered 50,000 of his enemies in battle.... As many as 1 million
native Africans had been killed and starved to death as a direct result
of Shaka's imperial dreams."
- NOTE: These
numbers are controversial in South Africa. Afrikaaners claim that Shaka
depopulated much of southern Africa leaving it conveniently empty and
free for the taking when the Boers moved in. Africans, on the other
hand, deny this and claim that the death toll is wildly exaggerated.
But one or two million are the only actual numbers I've seen.
- 19th
Century Slave Trade
- Venezuela,
power struggles (1830-1903) 1,000,000
[make
link]
- Scheina, Latin
America's Wars: "during these
seventy-four years of conflict some 300,000 combatants and 700,000
civilians were killed directly (battlefield deaths and assassinations)
or indirectly (wounds, sickness, starvation, and imprisonment.)"
- Taiping
Rebellion (1850-64) 20,000,000
[make
link]
- Ho Ping-to, Studies
in the Population of China, 1368–1953,
pp. 246–247:
- “Some
nineteenth century Western observers estimated the total population
loss during the Taiping period at 20,000,000 to 30,000,000. Their
estimates, however intelligent, were the guesswork of treaty port
residents”). Ho is lukewarm on these estimates and seems to
consider them too low.
The only hard evidence Ho gathers is that the provinces hardest hit by
the rebellion had lost 19.2 million people between 1850 and 1953.
“Although twentieth-century . . . wars must also have
affected the populations of these provinces, the . . . figures may
reflect permanent wounds that the populations . . . received in the
great upheaval of the middle of the nineteenth century.”
- Several editions
of Guinness Book of World
Records call this the bloodiest
civil war in history with 20-30 million dead.
- Alan McFarlane, The
Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap
(2003): 20M
- Encyclopedia
Britannica, 15th edition,
"Taiping Rebellion," v.11, p.509 (1992): 20M
- Spence, Search
for Modern China, p.805: 20m
- Colin McEvedy, Atlas
of World Population History,
"China" (1978) pp.170-173: 25,000,000
- MSN
Encarta Encyclopedia,
“China”, p.20 [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573055_20/China.html]
- Robert L. Worden,
et al., ed., China: a country
study, Library of Congress,
Federal Research Division, 1987.
- PGtH: 20,000,000
- Small &
Singer: 20,000,000
- Eckhardt: 2,000,000
- COWP: 2,000,025,
incl. 25 UK
- Panthay
Rebellion
(1855-73) 1,000,000
[make
link]
- Raphael
Israeli,
Islam in China (Lexington
Books, 2007) p.286: one million
- Damian
Harper, China,
(Lonely Planet) p.648: one million
- Clodfelter,
v.1,
p.401: one million
- Colonial
El Niño
Famines (1876-1900) 27,000,000
[make link]
- Mike
Davis, Late
Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the
Third World (2001) argues that
the business policies of the imperial European landlords, merchants and
bureacrats in the face of El Niño drought intensified these
famines and thereby caused millions of deaths. If true, this accusation
could easily create a moral equivalence between these famines and the
devastating Communist
famines
of the 20th
Century, but so far, Davis is
the only major authority I found who tackles this question.
- Estimated
death
tolls:
- 1876-79
Famine
- India
- est.
by Digby: 10.3 M
- est.
by Maharatna: 8.2 M
- est.
by Seavoy: 6.1 M
- China
- Broomhall:
20 M
- Bohr:
9.5-13 M
- Brazil:
0.5-1.0 M (Cunniff)
- 1896-1900
Famine
- India
- The
Lancet: 19.0 M
- Maharatna:
8.4 M
- Seavoy:
8.4 M
- Cambridge:
6.1 M
- China:
10
M (Cohen)
- Brazil:
1.0-1.5 M (Smith)
- TOTAL:
31,700,000 to 61,300,000 (midpoint: 46.5M)
- Sudan,
Mahdist state (1881-98) 5
500,000
[make
link]
- Francis
Mading
Deng, War of Visions:
Conflict of Identities in the Sudan
(1995) p.51: "It is estimated that the population of Sudan fell from
around 7 million before the Mahdist revolt to somewhere between two and
three million after the fall of the Mahdist state." [4m -5m]
- Jok
Madut Jok, War
and Slavery in Sudan (2001)
p.75: "By 1898. the population of Sudan under the Mahdist rule and
those areas within its proximity was reduced from eight million to two
and a half million people." [5.5m]
- Edward
Spiers, Sudan:
The Reconquest Reappraised
(1998) p.12: "Sir Reginald Wingate estimated that the mortality in the
Mahdist state from war and misgovernment was 6 million out of a
population of 8 million."
- Henry
Cecil
Jackson, Osman Digna
(1926) p.185: "Between the years 1883 and 1898 the population of the
Sudan fell from eight and a half million people to less than two
millions." [6.5m]
- Congo
Free State (1886-1908)
- Approximately
4,500,000 deaths during the 19th C.
- See
the 20th
Century
|
Between 100,000 and 1,000,000
|
- United
States, eradication of the
American Indians (1775-1890) 350,000
[make
link]
- Russel
Thornton, American
Indian Holocaust and Survival
(1987)
- Overall
decline
- From
600,000 (in 1800) to 250,000 (in 1890s)
- Indian
Wars,
from a 1894 report by US Census, cited by Thornton. Includes men, woman
and children killed, 1775-1890:
- Individual
conflicts:
- Whites:
5,000
- Indians:
8,500
- Wars
under
the gov't:
- Whites:
14,000
- Indians:
30-45,000
- TOTAL:
- Whites:
19,000
- Indians:
38,500 to 53,500
- TOTAL:
65,000 ± 7,500
- William
Osborn: The
Wild Frontier: atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown
Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
- Deaths
caused
by specific settler atrocities: 7,193 (1623-1890)
- Deaths
caused
by specific Indian atrocities: 9,156 (1511-1879. Incl. Indian vs.
Indian)
- Osborne
basically defines an atrocity as murder or torture of civilians and
prisoners. Most of your outright massacres are counted, but the Trail
of Tears, for example, isn't.
- Trail
of Tears
(1838-39)
- Trager,
The
People's Chronology: 4,000 out
of 14,000 Cherokee die on route.
- Osborne:
anywhere between 1,846 and 18,000 Indians died, in total.
- Australia
(1788-1921) 240,000
[make
link]
- Mark
Cocker, Rivers
of Blood, Rivers of Gold (1998)
- Australian
mainland
- Ongoing
frontier war: 2,000-2,500 whites and 20,000 Aborignies KIA ("best
guess", probably higher)
- General
population decline: from 1M (1788) to 50,000 (ca. 1890) to 30,000
(1920s)
- Jared
Diamond, The
Third Chimpanzee (1993)
- Decline
of the
Aborgines
- From
300,000 (in 1788) to 60,000 (in 1921)
- Extermination
of the Tasmanians
- From
5,000
(in 1800) to 200 (in 1830) to 3 (in 1869) to none (1877)
- Clodfelter:
2,500
Eur. and 20,000 Aborignies k. in wars, 1840-1901
- Bill
Bryson, In
a Sunburned Country (2001):
20,000 Aboriginies intentionally killed by whites.
- Joseph
Glascott,
“600,000 Aborigines Died After 1788, Study Shows”, Sydney
Morning Herald, February 25,
1987
- New Zealand
(1800s) 200,000
[make link]
- Mark
Cocker, Rivers
of Blood, Rivers of Gold (1998)
- Maori
pop:
240,000 (pre-contact) to 40,000 (1896)
- Clodfelter,
Maori
War (1860-72)
- UK,
NZ: 700 k.
- Maori:
2,000
- Russo-Turkish
War
(1806-12) 225,000
[make link]
- Urlanis: 225,000
soldiers killed and died
- Eckhardt: 45,000
military
- OnWar.com
- Russia: 70,000
- Turkey: 100,000
- TOTAL: 170,000
- New Spain
(Mexico), War of Independence
(1810-21) 425,000
[make
link]
- Clodfelter:
400,000-500,000 violent deaths, Mexicans and Spanish
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars, p. 84: “Estimates of the number killed range from 250,000 to
500,000 individuals”
- Juan González, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in
America: 600,000 died in Mexico's War of Independence.
- New
Granada
(Grand Colombia), Wars of
Independence (1810-23) 250,000
[make
link]
- Clodfelter:
population of Venezuela dropped by 100,000 (from 300,000) in the 15
years following 1810.
- Harvey, Liberators:
Latin America's Struggle for Independence, 1810-1830,
p.192: "More than a quarter of a million had been killed in achieving
Gran Colombia's independence".
- Scheina, Latin
America's Wars: pop. of Ecuador
decreased from 600,000 to 480,000 [a loss of 120,000]. "Venezuela lost
about one-fourth of its one million population."
- Eckhardt: 37,000
total
- Juan González, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in
America: Venezuela lost half of its nearly 1 million inhabitants.
- Greek Revolution
(1821-28) [make link]
- Eckhardt:
105,000
civ. + 15,000 mil. = 120,000
- COWP:
15,000
state, 120,000 total
- Urlanis:
60,000
- Singer:
15,000
Turks k.
- Carolyn
Bain, Lonely
Planet Greece
- Psara:
Turks
killed all but 3,000 of the 20,000 inhabitants
- 1824
Kasos:
7,000 inhabs. massacred by Turks.
- Javanese
War (1825-30)
[make
link]
- Uprising
against
the Dutch
- Rudolf
von
Albertini, European Colonial
Rule, 1880-1940: 200,000
- Clodfelter
(dead, mostly from disease)
- Dutch:
8,000
- Loyalist
natives: 7,000
- Javanese:
200,000, no more that one-tenth in battle [ca. 20,000 KIA]
- Singer:
15,000
Netherlanders k.
- Russo-Turkish
War
(1828-29) [make link]
- Singer,
COWP:
- Russia:
50,000
- Turkey:
80,000
- TOTAL:
130,000
- Eckhardt:
61,000
civ. + 130,000 mil. = 191,000
- Urlanis:
- K.
in Battle:
25,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 205,000
- French
Conquest of Algeria
(1829-47) [make link]
- Mahfoud Bennoune, The
Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987,
(Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.42: "as a direct consequence of
this kind of colonial war of conquest the total urban and rural
population declined from an estimated three million in 1830 to
2,462,000 by 1876."
- French losses:
92,329 soldiers dead in the hospital and 3,336 killed in battle, 1830-51
- Ben Kiernan, Blood
and Soil, p. 374: 825,000
Algerians killed
- COWP: 300,000 total,
incl.15,000 French
- Spain,
1st Carlist
War (1832-40) [make link]
- Clodfelter:
up to
140,000 d., incl. 65,000 govt. + 60,000 Carlists
- Singer
- 30,000
Spanish
- Outsiders:
- UK:
2,500
- France:
100
- Portugal:
50
- TOTAL:
32,650
- Eckhardt:
33,000
- COWP
- States
- 65,000
Spanish
- France:
7,700
- UK:
2,479
- Portugal:
50
- TOTAL:
135,229
- Urlanis:
50,000
- Ireland,
Famine (1845-48) [make link]
- Encyclopedia
Americana (2003), "Ireland":
750,000
- NOTE:
Some people
blame the British government for this. Some don't. See letter.]
- Mexico
(1847-55) [make link]
- Crimean
War (1854-56)
[make link]
- Singer,
COWP:
- Russia:
100,000
- France:
95,000
- Turkey:
45,000
- UK:
22,000
- Sardinia:
2,200
- TOTAL:
264,200
- Eckhardt:
264,000
military
- Bodart:
- Russia:
40,000
KIA + 60,000 disease = 100,000
- France:
20,240
KIA + 75,375 dis. = 95,615
- Turkey:
ca.
35,000 dead
- UK:
4,602 KIA
+ 17,580 dis. = 22,182
- Piedmont:
28
KIA + 2,166 dis. = 2,194
- [TOTAL:
277,173]
- The
Crimean War (Essential
Histories, No 2) by John
Sweetman
- UK
- KIA:
2,755
- Died
of
wounds: 2,019
- Died
of
disease: 16,323
- Total:
21,097
- France
- KIA:
10,240
- Died
of
wounds: 20,000
- Died
of
disease: 75,000
- [Total:
105,240]
- Sardinia:
2,050 (all causes)
- Turkey:
unkn.
- Russia:
110,000+
- TOTAL:
Paul de
la Gorce est. >300,000 "may not be far wrong"
- MEDIAN:
Of the
nine estimates, the median is 309,000
- Urlanis
- K.
in Battle:
53,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 309,000
- 1911
Britannica
- Battle
deaths:
- Allies:
70,000
- Russians:
128,700
- TOTAL:
198,700
- Dead
from all
causes
- Allies:
252,600 (including 5,000 English)
- Russians:
256,000
- TOTAL:
508,000
- Michael
G.
Mulhall, Dictionary of
Statistics (1892), p.587
- Russia:
30600
kia + 42000 d. of wds. + 374000 d. of sickness = 446600 d
- France:
8490
kia + 11750 dow + 75375 dos = 95615 d
- Turkey:
10100
kia + 10800 dow + 24500 dos = 45400 d
- UK:
2755 kia +
1847 dow + 17580 dos = 22182 d
- TOTAL:
51945
kia + 66397 dow + 491455 dos = 609797
- Robert
Breckenridge Edgerton, Death
Or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(1999) p.5 ("The butcher's bill for the Crimean War of 1853-1856 will
never be known exactly, but it probably amounted to over 1 million
deaths...")
- Helen
Fawkes,
"Ukraine honours Crimean War dead," BBC 9 September, 2004 ("More than a
million people were killed in the war.")
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3640772.stm
- China,
Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1856-67)
[make
link]
- Some guy on
Internet (Jon Kehrer): 500,000 people died [http://www.apex.net.au/~jgk/taishan/phcwar.html]
- Venezuela,
Federal War (1859-63) [make link]
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars: 100,000 d. of
all causes, incl. 30,000-50,000 combat deaths
- Singer,
COWP:
20,000
- China,
Nien Rebellion (1860-68) [make link]
- Small
&
Singer, COWP: 75,000
- China,
Miao Rebellion (1860-72) [make link]
- Small & Singer, COWP: 75,000
- Byron Farwell, Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare p. 556 "Miao Rebellions" (1855-72): "Casualties, including civilians, were
estimated at one and a half million."
- American Civil War
(1861-65) [make link]
- Military/Total Deaths [Sources listed in
reverse chronological order]
- J. David Hacker, "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead", Civil War History, December 2011: 750,000 to 850,000 total dead
- This is the first major reassessment of the Civil War's death toll in over a hundred years. (see "Recounting the Dead", NY Times, Sept. 20, 2011)
[http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/]
- Encyclopedia
Americana (2003)
- United States:
360,222
- k. in
battle: 67,058
- d. of
wounds: 43,012
- [Total
battle deaths: 110,070]
- Confederacy:
258,000
- [TOTAL:
618,222]
- Britannica (1992)
- United States:
359,528
- Confederacy:
258,000
- TOTAL: 617,528
- DoD (USA only)
- Battle deaths:
140,414
- Other deaths:
224,097
- TOTAL: 364,511
- COWP: 650,000
total, incl. 364,511 USA
- McPherson, Battle
Cry of Freedom (1988)
- United States:
360,000
- Confederacy:
260,000
- TOTAL: 620,000
(p.854)
- Trager, The
People's Chronology, "1865"
- United States:
360,222
- Confederacy:
258,000
- TOTAL: 618,222
- Singer, Eckhardt:
650,000
- Dumas:
- USA
- KIA: 67,038
- Died of
wounds: 43,000
- Disease:
224,586
- Accident,
murder, suicide, etc.: 24,872
- TOTAL:
359,496
- Urlanis (1971)
- K. in Battle:
134,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 538,000
- Regimental
Losses In the American Civil War
- William F. Fox, 1889 [http://www.civilwarhome.com/foxs.htm]
, also, A Compendium of the
War of the Rebellion - Frederick
H. Dyer, 1908 [http://www.civil-war.net/searchstates.asp?searchstates=Total]
- Killed and
Mortally Wounded: 110,070
- Died of
Disease: 199,720
- In Confederate
prisons: 24,866
- Drowning: 4,944
- Accidents:
4,114
- Total Deaths,
all causes: 359,528
- Civilian Deaths
- McPherson, Battle
Cry of Freedom (1988)
- Civilian
deaths: 50,000 (p.619)
- One
Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation
by Roger Ransom, Richard Sutch, p.53-54 (2001)
- General
Howard, Freedmen's Bureau, estimated that 25% of African-Am. lost their
lives by the war.
- Instead,
Ransom/Sutch estimate that 1.6% of African-Am. died as a direct result
of the war. [based on the 3.5M blacks in the CSA, this would come to
around 56,000 civilian deaths. Howard's est. would be 875,000 d.]
- James Alan
Marten,
Civil War America: Voices from the Home Front (2007)
p. 213
- "Out of the 4000 black refugees living in Helena,
Arkansas, in 1863–1864, about 1100 died. In Memphis, 1200 out of
the 4000 contrabands died in only three months, while the camp at
Natchez—also holding 4000 refugees—suffered a nearly 50
percent mortality rate in 1863."
- James Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (2012): Including deaths by disease among newly freed slaves would boost
overall death toll of war to over a million. 50,000 former slaves, probably more, died in
smallpox epidemic.
[http://blog.oup.com/2012/04/black-white-demographic-death-toll-civil-war]
- Battles
- Hui
Rebellion
(1862-78) [make link]
- Dillon, China’s
Muslim Hui Community, p.60:
General Zuo reported to Beijing that only 60,000 of the 700,000 Muslims
in Shaanxi survived the revolt. Colonel Mark Bell, a British
observer, claimed that the population of Gansu plunged from 15 million
to 1 million
- Eckhardt: 300,000
died in the Moslem Rebellions (1860-72)
- COWP: 300,000 died
in the Moslem Rebellions (1863-72)
- Russia,
Circassian genocide (ca. 1864)
[make
link]
- Walt Richmond, "Russia's Forgotten Genocide" HNN, 3-18-13: "Throughout
the entire process, at least 625,000 people died."
http://hnn.us/articles/russias-forgotten-genocide
- Bullough, Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People
of the Caucasus (Basic Books, 2010) p. 29-30: "Hundreds of thousands of
Circassians left the Caucasus. Estimated numbers vary wildly: from a
probably overinflated two million, to a clearly too small 300,000. The
number was probably somewhere between a million and 1.2 million, according
to the latest research by historians. The death toll of their terrible
journey is impossible to estimate, but the mortality rate was probably
about a third." [=333,000 to 400,000]
- Shenfield, “The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?” in Levene and
Roberts, The Massacre in History (Berghahn Book, 1999), p. 154 “The
number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly,
therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer
to oneand-a-half million”
- Paraguay,
War of the Triple Alliance (1864-70)
[make
link]
- Britannica
- 11th
ed.
(1911): The counted population of Paraguay dropped from 1,337,439 to
28,746 men + 106,254 women + 86,079 children [=221,079 for a loss of
1,116,360 (83%)]
- 15th
ed.
(1992): The population of Paraguay population dropped from 525,000 to
221,000 for a loss of 304,000 (58%)
- [I
don't know
why the two editions have a different starting population for Paraguay.
I suspect (but can't confirm) that the 15th edition measures the
before-and-after population of only those provinces that remained part
of Paraguay after the war, while the 11th edition (maybe) begins with
the population inside the pre-war borders and ends with the population
inside the post-war
borders. If so, neither set of numbers are a proper measure of the
decline of the orginal Paraguayan population. The 15th edition would be
too low, and the 11th edition too high.
- The
population
loss is also described as 50% (Wilgus, Latin
American History; Encarta)
or 70% (Anchor Atlas)
- Urlanis
- military
losses: 300,000 (citing Mulhall)
- Paraguayan
population decline from 1.3M to .3M (1M or 80%)
- Reader's
Companion
to Military History [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_054500_tripleallian.htm]
- Allied
losses:
190,000 dead, of whom 100,000 were Brazilian.
- Paraguay:
220,000
- Eckhardt:
300,000
civ. + 310,000 mil. = 610,000
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars, p.331
- Allies:
180,000 "lost" (implied dead)
- Brazil:
100,000 "casualties"
- Argentina:
20,000 "lost"
- Uruguay:
1,400 KIA/DOW
- Paraguay:
300,000
- [TOTAL:
480,000]
- Clodfelter
- Allied
"casualties": 190,000, incl...
- Allied
combat deaths: 30,000, incl.
- Argentina
& Uruguay: up to 30,000 dead (80% of which disease)
- Paraguay:
>200,000 dead, incl ca. 100,000 in combat
- TOTAL:
350,000
(as stated in section on Taiping Reb.)
- OnWar.com:
- Argentina:
10,000.
- Brazil:
100,000.
- Paraguay:
304,000
- Uruguay:
10,000
- TOTAL:
424,000
- LC
[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pytoc.html]
- Brazil:
150,000 dead
- Executed
by
Lopez: 500 foreigners + thousands in military
- Small
&
Singer (partial)
- Brazil:
100,000
- Argentina:
10,000
- COWP
- Paraguay:
200,000
- Brazil:
100,000
- Argentina:
10,000
- TOTAL:
310,000
- MEDIANS
- Paraguay:
304,000
- Brazil:
100,000
- Ten
Years War, Cuba (1868-78)
[make link]
- Encarta:
200,000
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars
- Cuban
Revolutionaries: 100-150,000 d.
- Spain:
200,000
"casualties, mostly from disease"
- Dale
Walker, The
Boys of '98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders:
200,000 Cubans
- Stanley
Payne, Politics
and the Military in Modern Spain
(1967): more than 50,000 Spanish soldiers killed.
- cited
by
Payne:
- Gen.
Jovellar: 140,000 d
- Galego:
3,660 KIA + 54,754 deaths by disease and wounds
- Clodfelter
- Spain
(dead of
all causes)
- Soldiers:
81,097
- Marines:
3,240
- Sailors:
1,758
- Cuban
volunteers: 5,000
- [TOTAL:
91,095]
- Cubans:
50,000
d.
- Singer:
100,000
Spanish battle deaths.
- Eckhardt:
100,000
civ. + 100,000 mil. = 200,000
- COWP:
100,000
Spain, 200,000 total
- Franco-Prussian
War (1870-71)
[make link]
- Gaston
Bodart, Losses
of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
- France
-
battle
deaths: 60,000 KiA+DoW
- other
deaths
- As
prisoners of Germany: 17,000
- Interned
in Switzerland: 2,000
- Disease:
61,000
- [Total:
80,000]
- Total:
140,000
- Germany
-
KIA:
1,046 officers + 16,539 men [= 17,585]
- Died
of
Wounds: 671 officers + 10,050 men [=10,721]
- Accidents:
9 + 281 [=290]
- Suicide:
3
+ 26 [=29]
- Disease:
207 + 11940 [=12,147]
- MIA:
3 +
4,006 [= 4,009]
- Total:
1,939 + 42,842 [= 44,781]
- Excess
deaths
among French civilians, 1870-71: 590,000
- [TOTAL:
774,781, incl...]
- [Battle
deaths: 88,306]
- [Military,
all causes: 184,781]
- Singer:
- France:
140,000
- Prussia:
40,000
- Bavaria:
5,500
- Baden:
1,000
- Wurtemberg:
1,000
- TOTAL:
187,500
- Eckhardt:
62,000
civ. + 188,000 mil. = 250,000
- COWP
- FRN:
152,000
- GMY:
44,781
- BAV:
5,600
- BAD:
956
- WRT:
976
- TOTAL:
204,313
- Urlanis
- K.
in Battle:
57,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 188,000
- French
civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths, incl. 47,000 in siege of Paris
- German
civilians: 200,000 excess deaths, half in smallpox epidemic spread by
French POWs
- [TOTAL:
738,000 ± 50,000]
- see
also Paris Commune
- Russo-Turkish
War
(1877-78) [make link]
- Brockett and Bliss, The Conquest of Turkey, or, the Decline and Fall of the Ottoman
Empire, 1877–8 (Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., 1878), p. 697.: "not less than half a million" perished
- Samuel
Dumas, Losses
of Life Caused By War (1923)
- Russian:
- Killed:
30,000
- Dead
of
wounds: 4,742
- Dead
of
disease: 81,166
- Dead
of
frostbite or accident: 1,713
- TOTAL:
117,621
- Urlanis
- K.
in Battle:
34,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 190,000
- Russian
civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths
- Clodfelter
- Russian:
- Killed
or
D. of wounds: 34,742
- Dead
of
disease: 81,166
- Turks:
30,000
in battle and possibly twice that from disease
- Bulgarians
+
Romanians: 10,000
- [TOTAL:
ca.
215,000]
- Singer,
COWP:
- Russia:
120,000
- Turkey:
165,000
- TOTAL:
285,000
- Eckhardt:
285,000
- Cuban
Revolution (1895-98)
[make link]
- Clodfelter
- Spain
- battle:
9,413
- disease:
>40,000
- Cubans:
300,000 d. incl...
- battle:
5,180
- disease:
3,437 insurgents
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars: 300,000 Cubans d.
- Eckhardt:
- Cuba
vs Spain
(1895-98): 250,000 civ. + 50,000 military = 300,000
- COWP:
50,000
Spain; 300,000 total
- Leslie
Bethell,
Cuba: a short history (1993, 1998): population declined from 1,850,000
(1894) to 1,689,600 (1898). [a loss of 160,400]
- Elbert
J. Benton, International
Law and Diplomacy of the Spanish-American War:
400,000 died from starv. + dis.
- Spanish
forces
only
- John
Lawrence Tone, War and
Genocide in Cuba, 1895 * 1895,
Chapel Hill: Univ of NC Press, 2006. p.9.: 41,288 Spanish soldiers died
of disease, 4032 killed in combat with rebels and Americans.
- Sergio
Díaz-Briquets, The
health revolution in Cuba, University of Texas Press,
1983, p.199: 62,853 Spanish soldiers died in Cuba, 85 percent by
illness.
- Hugh
Thomas, Cuba,
or, the pursuit of freedom
(1971, 1988): Spanish losses in Cuba, 1895-98
- KIA
and
died of wounds: 9,303
- Deaths
by
disease: 53,440
- Somalia
(1899-1920)
- Colombia,
War of a Thousand Days (1899-1902)
- Boxer
Rebellion (1899-1901)
- Philippine-American
War (1899-1902)
|
Between 10,000 and 100,000
|
- India,
Sati
(1800-29)
- Somewhere around
17,500 widows burned during the 19th Century.
- Egypt
(1805-11)
- Muhammad Ali v.
Ottomans
- OnWar.com
- Britain:
5,000
- Egypt:
39,000
- Rebels:
3,000
- Ottomans:
9,000
- TOTAL:
56,000
- Anglo-American
War of 1812
(1812-15) [makelink]
- Dept.of Defense;
1984 World Almanac
- Eckhardt: 4,000
military
- Clodfelter
- USA: 2,260 KIA
+ 15,000 disease
- UK: ca. 3,000
- Donald Hickey, The
War of 1812 (1989)
- USA:
- KIA: 2,260
- Executions:
205
- Deaths by
disease: 17,000
- TOTAL:
approx 20,000
- UK:
- No British
numbers available. Hickey suggests there were probably more battle
deaths and fewer disease deaths.
- William Osborn: The
Wild Frontier: atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown
Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
- Deaths caused
by specific settler atrocities (1812-15): 58
- Deaths caused
by specific Indian atrocities (1812-15): 1,325
- 1st
Anglo-Burmese War (1823-26)
- Singer: 15,000 UK
- Eckhardt: 5,000
civ. + 15,000 mil. = 20,000
- Turkey,
massacre of the Jannisaries (1826)
- PGtH: 20,000
- Trager, People's
Chronology: 6-10,000
- Eckhardt: 14,000
civ. + 6,000 mil. = 20,000
- Portugal
(1829-34)
- Govt. vs.
Conservatives
- Singer:
20,000, plus 100 British
- Eckhardt:
20,000
- Polish
Insurrection (1830-32)
- Singer: 15,000
Russians
- Clodfelter
- Russians:
15,000
- Poles: many
more
- Eckhardt: 6,000
civ. + 15,000 mil. = 21,000
- Urlanis: 70,000
total
- 1st
Syrian War (1831-32)
- Singer: Turkey
lost 10,000 k
- Eckhardt: 8,000
civ. + 10,000 mil. = 18,000
- 1st
British-Afghan War (1838-42)
- Singer: UK lost
20,000 k.
- Eckhardt: 20,000
mil.
- 2nd
Syrian War (1839-40)
- Singer: Turkey
lost 10,000 k.
- Eckhardt: 2,000
civ. + 10,000 mil. = 12,000
- Argentina
(1841-51)
- Govt. vs.
Unitarios
- Singer: 10,000
(plus 100 UK and 100 France)
- Vietnam,
Persecution of Christians (ca. 1832-1887) [make link]
- Peter
C. Phan, Vietnamese-American
Catholics (Paulist Press, 2005)
p.88: A total of some 130,000 Catholic missionaries and converts were
killed.
- Bernard
B. Fall, Last
Reflections on a War: Bernard B. Fall's Last Comments on Vietnam
(Stackpole Books, 2000) p.44: a total of 130,000
- LC
[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vntoc.html]:
Punitive bombardment of Da Nang by French warships, 1847: ca.10,000
Vietnamese k.
- GEM
[http://www.pitt.edu/~ibcmod/gem/vietnamdata.htm]
Christians executed 1848-60
- 25
European
priests
- 3,000
Vietnamese priests
- >30,000
Vietnamese Catholics
- Catholic
Encyclopedia [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07765a.htm]
- Killed
1857-62
- 40,000
Christians d. of ill-treatment, starvation, etc.
- 115
VN
priests + 100 VN nuns
- Christians
killed, 1885, partial
- E.
Cochin
China: 24,000
- S.
Cochin
China: 8585 massacred in Quang-tri
- S.
Tong-king: 4799 executed + 1181 of hunger and misery
- (1883-4):
400+
- [Est.
Total: >40,000]
- 1st
Sikh
War (1845-46)
- Mexican-American
War (1846-48) [make link]
- Singer,
OnWar.com
:
- USA:
11,000
- Mexico:
6,000
- TOTAL:
17,000
- Eckhardt:
4,000
civ. + 17,000 military = 21,000
- Winders,
Mr.
Polk's Army (1997), citing Henry
Scott, Military Dictionary
- USA:
- KIA:
1,548
- Illness:
10,970
- Mortal
wounds: 505
- TOTAL:
13,023
- Bauer,
The
Mexican War: 1846-48 (1974)
- USA:
- KIA:
1,192
- Illness:
11,155
- Mortal
wounds: 529
- TOTAL:
12,876
- Clodfelter:
ca.
5,000 Mexicans KIA
- Douglas
Mead, The
Mexican War 1846-1848: 12-15,000
Mexican battle "losses" [deaths?] and "thousands" of indirect civilian
deaths.
- Dept.
of Defense
(also 1984 World Almanac):
- USA:
1,733 KIA
+ 11,550 other deaths = 13,283
- My
Guess:
- USA:
The
median (and official) count is 1,733 KIA.
- Mexico:
Looking at the battle-by-battle statistics, [http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/mwstats.htm]
it appears that, on average, the Mexicans suffered 4.7 times as many
casualties as the USAns. That indicates some 8,000 KIA all told.
- Civilians:
- Oswandel,
Notes
of the Mexican War, 1846-1848,
p.356: 100 to 350 or more civilians killed in the bombardment of
Veracruz.
- According
to
Encarta: The American bombardment of Veracruz killed 1000-1500
Mexicans, military and civilian. Civilian deaths outnumbered military
2:1. That would come to 666-1,000 civilians killed. [http://encarta.msn.com/text_761559370___9/Mexican_War.html]
- Revolutions
of 1848
(1848-49)
- France
- Clodfelter:
1,460 Parisians k., incl 150 after surrender
- Singer (Govt.
vs. Republicans): 3,000
- Austria
- Clodfelter
(Vienna): 19 officers + 200 soldiers + 3,000 citizens
- Singer (Govt.
vs. Liberals): 3,500
- Austro-Sardinian
Wars (1848-49)
- Singer
- Austria:
5,600
- Sardinia:
3,400
- TOTAL:
9,000
- Clodfelter
- 1st: 1,030
Austrians KIA
- 2nd
- Austrians:
857 KIA + 2,000 marsh fever
- Sardinia:
2,400
- [TOTAL:
>6,287]
- 1st
Schleswig-Holstein War (1848-49)
- Singer
- Prussia:
2,500
- Denmark:
3,500
- TOTAL:
6,000
- Clodfelter
(dead, mostly disease.)
- Prussia,
allies: 2,500
- Denmark:
3,500
- [TOTAL:
6,000]
- Hungarian Revolt
(1848-49)
- Urlanis:
100,000
- Clodfelter:
60,000
- Habsburgs:
16,600 k. or wounded
- Russia:
903 KIA + 13,554 disease
- Two Sicilies
(1848-49)
- Singer (Govt.
vs. Liberals): 1,000
- Roman Republic
(1849)
- Singer
- France: 500
- Two
Sicilies: 100
- Papal
States: 1500
- Austria:
100
- TOTAL:
2,200
- TOTAL
- [Clodfelter:
ca. 77,000]
- [Singer:
24,700]
- Persia
(1848-54)
- 16 Dec. 1979 Washington
Post: 20,000 Babis (Baha'is)
massacred. (also http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babis)
- Nicaragua,
Walker
Filibuster (1856-57)
- Scroggs, Filibusters
and financiers: the story of William Walker and his associates
(1916) p.305
- Walker's
forces: "one thousand died of disease or were killed" out of 2518 total
- Losses among
Nicaragua and allies: "four or five times greater than those of the
Americans"
- Scheina, Latin
America's Wars
- American
mercenaries: >1,000, mostly of disease
- Costa Rica
- Out of
army of 2,500, only 400 lived to return home.
- 10,000
C.R. civilians d. of cholera spread by army.
- Clodfelter
- Americans:
1,000 died, mostly of disease
- four opponent
Central America nations: 5,800 killed and wounded [maybe 1,450 k.?] +
5,000 died of disease
- Zulus
(1856) [make
link]
- Hanson,
Carnage
and Culture: In a civil war,
Cetshwayo killed >7,000 warriors and 20,000 rival family members
incl. women, children.
- South
Africa, Xhosa
self-destruction (1857) [make
link]
- LC:
Following a
prophecy, Xhosa sacrificed almost all of their cattle and grain. 40,000
starved. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/zatoc.html]
- India,
Sepoy
Mutiny (1857)
- Clodfelter
- UK soldiers:
2,034 KIA and massacre + 8,987 by disease etc.
- Eckhardt: 15,000 =
11,000 civ. + 4,000 mil.
- OnWar.com
- UK: 2,000
- India: 8,000
- Total: 10,000
- Common quote, no
source: "In Awadh alone 150000 people were killed - of which 100000
were civilians"
- War
of Italian Unification (1859)
- Singer:
- France: 7,500
- Sardinia: 2,500
- Austria: 12,500
- TOTAL: 22,500
- Bodart (KIA + died
of wounds):
- France: 5,500
- Piedmont: 1,500
- Austria: 8,000
- TOTAL: 15,000
- Ottoman
Empire, Lebanon
(1860)
- War Between
Christians and Druses
- 1975
Britannica
- Christians
massacred in battle: 11,000
- Died in
destitution: 4,000
- 1911
Britannica: >3,000 Christians k.
- Franco-Mexican
War (Emp. Maximilian, 1862-67) [make link]
- Rene
Chartrand, The
Mexican Adventure 1861-67:
32,000 Republican soldiers KIA, executed, died of disease.
- 1978
Britannica
"Mexico, history of": >50,000 people k.
- Clodfelter
- Mexicans:
31,962 KIA (both sides, including 5,671 monarchists)
- French:
1,729
KIA+DoW. 4,925 by disease
- Scheina,
Latin
America's Wars: "taking into
consideration the ... duration ... yellow fever, the lack of sanitation
and medical services, and the brutality practised on both sides, one
might estimate ..."
- Monarchists:
lost 33,000
- France:
10,000
- Army:
6,000
- Foreign
Legion: 2,000
- Navy:
2,000
- Austrian
& Belgian mercenaries: 3,000
- Mexican
Conservatives: 20,000
- Liberals:
lost
more
- Singer:
- Mexico:
12,000
- France:
8,000
- TOTAL:
20,000
- Eckhardt:
20,000
mil.
- Seven
Weeks War (1866) [make link]
- Bodart:
- Prussia:
4,454
KIA
- Italy:
1,633
KIA
- Austria-Hungary:
21,488 KIA + MIA
- Austrian
allies: 348
- TOTAL:
27,923
- Urlanis
- Singer:
- Prussia:
10,000
- Italy:
4,000
- Austria-Hungary:
20,000
- Saxony:
600
- Hanover:
500
- Bavaria:
500
- TOTAL:
36,100
- Eckhardt:
43,000
civ. + 36,000 mil. = 79,000
- Paris
Commune
(1871)
- PGtH: 17,000 k. in
suppression of the Commune
- Singer: 20,000
- Eckhardt: 20,000
- Urlanis: 20,000
- Gabriel Jackson, The
Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-39
(1965, 1972):
- 17,000 to
25,000 Communards shot.
- 3,000 deaths
in prison.
- see also: Franco-Prussian War
- Spain,
3rd Carlist
War (1872-76)
- Clodfelter: 50,000
- Singer: 7,000
- Bulgaria
(1876)
- PGtH, also
Britannica (1992 and 1911 eds.): 15,000 Bulgarians massacred by Turks
in Philippopolis District, incl. 5,000 in town of Batak, acc2 British
report.
- Eckhardt: 30,000
civ. + 10,000 mil. = 40,000 (1875-77)
- Japan
(1877)
- War
of the Pacific
(1879-83)
- Singer:
- Bolivia: 1,000
- Chile: 3,000
- Peru: 10,000
- TOTAL: 14,000
- Dumas (also
Clodfelter):
- Bolivia: 920
- Chile: 3,276
- Peru: 9,672
- TOTAL: 13,868
- South
Africa, Anglo-Zulu
War (1879) [make
link]
- Trager,
The
People's Chronology (also
Clodfelter)
- UK:
- KIA:
76
officers + 1,007 men
- Disease:
17 officers + 330 men
- Natal
Xhosa corpsman: 1,000
- Zulus:
8,000
- TOTAL:
10,430
- Eckhardt:
1,000
civ. + 3,000 mil.
- Battles
- Transvaal
(1880-81)
- Sino-French
War (1884-85)
- Singer:
- China: 10,000
- France: 2,100
- TOTAL: 12,100
- Korea,
Tonghak Rebellion (1894)
- Clodfelter: 36,000
rebels k.
- Sino-Japanese
War (1894-95)
- Singer:
- China: 10,000
- France: 5,000
- TOTAL: 15,000
- Turkey
(1895-96)
- Massacre of
Armenians:
- Alan Palmer, The
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
(1992): 30,000
- Brazil,
Canudos War (1896-97)
- Singer: 5,000
- Roelofse-Campbell:
30,000 [http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/press/lar/112/canudos.html]
- Govt: 5,000
- Rebels: 25,000
- Spanish-American
War (1898) [make
link]
- Singer:
- Spain: 5,000
- USA: 5,000
- TOTAL: 10,000
- Eckhardt:
- US vs Spain
over Cuba & Phil (1898): 190,000 civ. + 10,000 military =
200,000 [190T civilians k. is very unlikely considering that the
fighting lasted only some 5 months and involved small armies. E. might
be conflating the Span-Am War with the Cuban
or Philippine
Insurrections]
- Urlanis
- K. in Battle:
5,000
- Military.
Killed and died: 16,000
- Spanish deaths:
- Stanley Payne,
Politics and
the Military in Modern Spain
(1967)
- KIA: 2,159
- Deaths by
disease: 53,000
- Hugh Thomas, Cuba,
or, the pursuit of freedom
(1971, 1988): Spanish losses in Cuba, 1895-98
- KIA and
died of wounds: 9,303
- Deaths by
disease: 53,440
- USA dead:
- Dept. of
Defense, 1991 Information
Please, World
Almanac 1984: 385 KIA + 2,061
disease = 2,446
- Anglo-Boer
War, 1899-1902
|
Under 10,000
|
- USA,
Creek
War (1813-14)
- Clodfelter: 1,800
Creeks and 700 Americans (soldiers + civilians)
- British-Mahabattan
War (1817-18)
- Spain,
Civil War (1820-23)
- Singer (Govt. vs.
Royalists: 1821-23): 7,000
- Urlanis: 100,000
- Franco-Spanish
War (1823)
- Singer:
- Spain: 600
- France: 400
- TOTAL: 1,000
- Turkey
(1826)
- Russo-Persian
War (1826-28)
- Navarino
Bay (1827)
- Singer:
- Turkey: 3,000
- UK: 80
- Russia: 60
- France: 40
- TOTAL: 3,180
- France,
July Revolution (1830)
- Govt. vs. Liberals
- PGtH: 1,000
- Singer: 1,700
- Eckhardt: 2,000
- Mexico
(1832)
- USA,
2nd Seminole
War (1835-42) [make
link]
- Clodfelter
- US
Army: 1466
d., incl 328 in combat
- US
Navy: 69,
most by dis.
- white
non-combatants: 400
- Seminloles:
700
- Texan
War (1835-36) [make link]
- Clodfelter
- Mexicans:
ca.
1,500
- Texans:
704
- Scheina
- Mexicans:
1,000 battle d.
- Texans:
600
- Singer:
1,000
Mexicans
- Eckhardt:
1,000
civ. + 1,000 mil. = 2,000
- Colombia
(1840-42)
- Spain,
2nd Carlist
War (1847-49)
- Clodfelter: 10,000
- Singer: 3,000
(1846-49)
- Chile
(1851)
- La
Plata War (1851-52)
- Singer:
- Brazil: 500
- Argentina: 800
- TOTAL: 1,300
- Peru
(1853-55)
- Anglo-Persian
War (1856-57)
- Singer:
- UK: 500
- Persia: 1,500
- TOTAL: 2,000
- Peru
(1856-58)
- Mexico
(1858-61)
- Spanish-Moroccan
War (1859-60)
- Clodfelter
- Spain: 1,152
battle + 2888 disease = 4,040
- Morocco: 6,000
d.
- [TOTAL: 10,040]
- Singer:
- Spain: 4,000
- Morocco: 6,000
- TOTAL: 10,000
- Syria
(1860)
- 1911 Britannica,
"Damascus": July 1860, the Moslem population massacred about 3000 adult
males Christians.
- Italo-Roman
War (1860)
- Singer:
- Sardinia: 300
- Papal States:
700
- TOTAL: 1,000
- Italo-Sicilian
War (1860)
- Singer:
- Sardinia: 600
- Two Sicilies:
400
- TOTAL: 1,000
- Colombia
(1860-62)
- Argentina
(1863)
- Ecuadorian-Colombian
War (1863)
- Singer:
- Colombia: 300
- Ecuador: 700
- TOTAL: 1,000
- 2nd
Schleswig-Holstein War (1860)
- Singer:
- Prussia: 1,000
- Austria-Hungary:
500
- Denmark: 3,000
- TOTAL: 4,500
- USA,
Reconstruction
(1865-76) [make
link]
- 1998 World Book
Encyc.: 5,000 southern blacks murdered by whites
- Philip Dray, At
the Hands of Persons Unknown : The Lynching of Black America,
cites:
- Phil Sheridan:
3,500 whites + blacks k. 1865-75
- Ida
Wells-Barnett: 10,000 blacks lynched 1865-1890s
- Dorothy
Sterling: 20,000 k. by KKK 1868-71
- Spanish-Chilean
War (1866)
- Singer:
- Peru: 600
- Chile: 100
- Spain: 300
- TOTAL: 1,000
- Argentina
(1866-67)
- Venezuela
(1868-71)
- Spain
(1868)
- Argentina
(1870-71)
- Colombia
(1876-77)
- Argentina
(1880)
- South
Africa (1880-81)
- Tunisia
(1881)
- Sino-French
War (1884-85)
- Singer:
- China: 10,000
- France: 2,100
- TOTAL: 12,100
- Colombia
(1884-85)
- Central
American War (1885)
- Singer:
- El Salvador:
200
- Guatemala: 800
- TOTAL: 1,000
- Chile
(1891)
- Brazil
(1893-94)
- Govt. vs. Rio
Grande do Sud
- Brazil
(1893-94)
- Govt. vs. Naval
Royalists
- Peru
(1894-95)
- Rhodesia,
Matabele
uprising (1896-98)
- Laura Franey, Victorian
Travel Writing and Imperial Violence:
600 Europeans + 9000 Shona and Ndebele k.
- Greco-Turkish
War (1897)
- Singer:
- Turkey: 1,400
- Greece: 600
- TOTAL: 2,000
- Dumas: 1,300 Turks
- USA,
Lynching (1882-1962)
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EXTREMELY
PRELIMINARY TOTAL:
- Adding all the events
listed here gives a very
tentative total of 45 Million unnatural deaths during the 19th Century
-- and I probably missed a lot.
- You might want to add
an additional 45M, depending on whether you feel that the El Niño famines
of 1876 and 1896 were man-made or not. That would boost the total to
80M unnatural deaths for the 19th Century.
- Using Table 1.2 of A
Concise History of World Population, 2d
by Massimo Livi-Bacci, I determined that there were 8661 million deaths
between 1750 and 1950. As the 19th Century covers the middle half of
that, let's assume roughly 4330 million deaths during the 1800s.
- Another source would
be "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" by Carl Haub [http://www.prb.org/Content/ContentGroups/PTarticle/0ct-Dec02/How_Many_People_Have_Ever_Lived_on_Earth_.htm]
- We can calculate
the number of deaths between 1850 and 1900 as [1850_population] +
[Births_1850-1900] - [1900_population] = [Deaths_1850-1900] = ca. 2509
million.
- We can calculate
the number of deaths between 1750 and 1850 as [1750_population] +
[Births_1750-1850] - [1850_population] = [Deaths_1750-1850] = ca. 3576
million.
- Adding [1] and
half of [2] would give us some 4297 million deaths in the 19th Century.
- Forty-five million
unnatural deaths would be 1% of 4.3 billion deaths (or 1 out of every
96), considerably less than the percentage for the 20th Century.
Counting the famines would bring the percentage to 2% or 1 out of 48.
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